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Question: Write an essay on the aircraft accident of your choice from the advanced aerodynamic point. Answer: Introduction An air crash is the aviation mishap and accident (He Li, 2011). A lot of the airlines like helicopter, airplanes, jet planes and air balloons are designed to make sure that there is a huge level of safety provided to passengers. Still, the aviation accidents take place and are harmful to lives. It is unavoidable accident that cant be predicted. It brings the tragic loss of life. These aviation accidents can take place due to various key factors such as human error, bad climatic conditions, and failure of engine, aviation element breakdown or breakdown of the device. Apart from that, other usual factors that lead to the aviation accidents are the errors of traffic control system, bird strikes, fire in the cabin, and defects in design, sabotage, inadequate fuelling, high jacking and lighting issues. The case of an Asiana Airlines Flight 214 Boeing with number 777-200ER, HL7742 San Francisco, California, has been considered to understand the skills that are required to be taught to tho se who seek to be a part of the piloting career. Causes of event The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) estimated numerous standards concerning fatigue like the last sleep and its quality, circadian aspects along with the time period awake etc. It was concluded that the main cause of the accident was that during that accident all the three pilots had been going through any kind of fatigue. This might be a disturbance in the circadian regularityand having less or broken sleep then usual sleep. Therefore, the performances of all the pilots were spoiled at the time of accident. Fatigue is a human aspect which is not easy to be defined but when we look at others we can identify this feeling. It can be a psychological/ mental or physical kind of fatigue. By psychological/ mental fatigue there can be a drop seen in the cognitive behaviour. It reduces the capacity to carry out any task in a secure an effective way. On the other hand, a physical fatigue happens when the muscles are tired and the person isn't able to uphold optimal physical performance. Fatigue can be a transitory situation because of inadequate sleep however it can bring severe physical and psychological disability. Fatigue is usuallyconfused with the terms like sleepiness or tiredness. Although sleepiness and fatigue are interrelated still they cannot be termed as synonyms. As per the International civil aviation organisation, fatigue can be defined as- a physiological condition of a decreased emotional or physical performance capacity which is caused due to inadequate sleep or extensive restlessness, circadian stage or excessive workload which can spoil the crewmembers attentiveness and capacity to safely carry out the task/ duties (ICAO, 2013). For assessing the cause of the accident the number of hours of sleep of the pilot flying, pilot monitoring and the observer had been evaluated with respect to their normal sleep hours. As per the reports by NTSB, the pilot who was flying the aircraft had got less hours of sleep then his normal in the 24 hours prior to the mishap. So it can be seen that the main cause of the mishap was nonconsolidated sleep which is not equally restorative to the consolidated one. Also even though the pilot monitoring and the observer reported that they had adequate sleep in the previous 24 hours however that sleep was segmented which reduced the restorative value. One more cause for the accident was that all these three people were facing the issue of fatigue because the time of accident was among their normal sleeping hours. At this point of time theirphysiological attentiveness was at its lowest. Consequences of the event As per the NTSBs reports issued: 3 out of the 291 passengers were seriously wounded, 40 commuters got severe wounds. The Boeing was damaged by a post-collision flames and collision services. Primary and secondarycauses of the accident Even though Asiana had undertaken different steps for preventing and mitigating fatigue, still the primary cause of this accident was fatigue. The steps involved in training the pilots and the accident crews on the cause-and-effect of fatigue (Williams, 2017). In this training the strategies were also been shared for minimisation of fatigue and the flight crew was told about the rest activities. There were provision of rotating the primary and relieve pilots in order that pilots were always attentive. Even though there was an Observer also aside for the monitor so that the primary flight crews activities were recorded in the monitoring capacity was improved. Beyond all these measures being undertaken, the timings of this flight had huge chances of causing fatigue. So it can be said that primary cause of this accident was the fatigue and the secondary cause had been timing or scheduling of the flight. Chain of events that led to eventual accident There was flight crew's mismanagement as from the beginning there had been a phase of stress that reduced the capacity ofpilotto monitor the flyingpilotsactivities. Thiswas whenthere was an unintentional deactivation of automatic air speed control system. Even though when the plane was at 200 feet One or twocrewmembersgot to know of the lower airspeed andsituation howeverno action was taken and tell the aircraft went below hundred feet. After this, the situation went beyond control. The flight crew was facing fatigue, which led to the gradation of theactivities whiledoing their work. There was even non-standardised communication and coordination among the flying pilot and monetary pilot when they had to make choices for controlling the AFDS (autopilot flight director system) and A/T (autothrottle) was there. There was a perplexity which brought degradation of their abilities to deal with A/T and AFDS. So there was a series of mistakes like inadequacy of Crew monitoring of air speed signals which was caused due to fatigue, dependency on automation, higher workload, and high expectancy. Even after all this there had been delayedstart-upof recovery steps by the flying pilot and the monitoring pilot once they got to know off the low-power and low airspeed. All this happened dueto mixtureof surprise, non-standardised communication and the perplexity of role responsibility. The NTSB found out that the possible cause for the mishap was set of events like: The aircrafts crews mismanagement led to the aircraft crash, the pilot who was flying unintended deactivated the automatic year speeding control system, Flight crew members were not adequately monitoring the airspeed, Flight crew members also delayed the caring out of their job once they came to know of the aircraft beingunderthe acceptable gliding part and air speed limits. So all in all,it can be said that the events which led to the mishap were complications of autothrottle and auto pilot flying director schemes that were not sufficiently explained in Boeing's documents and Asiana's pilot guidance, which led to the chances of inaccurate mode.Alsothere was non-standardised communication and coordination among the crew members which was in terms of theutilisationof autothrottle and auto pilot flight systems. The pilot who was flying was not adequately trainedtowardsthe planningand gettingout of visual systems. The monitoring pilot or the instructor was also not adequately supervising the pilot who was flying the aircraft. Ultimately all these factors were combined with the crew's fatigue which downgraded the performances. Recommendations for flight safety improvement As per NTSB it is recommended that necessary steps are undertaken for handling such situations however it is also admitted that it is highly complicated to fully remove the fatigue of crew members while operating for long distant flights. Still this task is not impossible and the suggestions are made that airlines can gather the information regarding the pilot fatigue while carrying out the operations. By use of this data gathered little adjustments can be made in scheduling and different aspects, which can help in maximisation of the rest of the pilots and minimisation of happening of fatigue while there is work pressure. This kind of approach is recommended by ICAO instructions booklets where in the topic of fatigue risk management system (FRMS) is explained. During this mishap, Asiana was at the initial phase of planning and developing and FRMS. As per the report issued by NTSB, if FRMS is created and executed one time then it can definitely lead to reduction of flight crew member s' fatigue. Since this airline has trans-meridian flights and long durational flights therefore it is recommended that the development of FRMS is expedited. It is also recommended that the flight crew members follow the operator SOPs and go through the proper training so that there is improvement in their communication, and does leading to mitigation of impacts of a take on long durational flights. Therefore the improvements in all of these aspects are suggested References He, G., Li, X. (2011). Numerical Simulation of Loitering Aircraft Aerodynamics in Low Speed Flight. Advanced Materials Research, 204-210, 139-143. International Civil Aviation Organization: Proposals Concerning Unlawful Interference Against International Civil Aviation. (2013).International Legal Materials,9(06), 1183-1217. Williams, M. (2017).Boeing 777 from Seoul crashes on landing at San Francisco airport.The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/06/san-francisco-airport-plane-crash-boeing